Male Infertility & Bacterial Infections
**Bacterial infections in men are a common cause of infertility.
If you are experiencing serious medical symptoms, seek emergency treatment immediately.
Scarring at the site of Infection can cause infertility if scarring blocks the tubes within the testis, epididymis or ejaculatory ducts. ** The immune response itself can cause the production of chemical byproducts which can be toxic to sperm.
Features of Infections that Cause Male Infertility
Bacterial Infection of the reproductive tract organs can impair the production of sperm or cause scarring and blockage of the tubules that transport sperm, causing infertility. Bacteria can infect various organs of the male reproductive tract including the testis (causing orchitis), the epididymis (causing epididimitis) and the prostate (causing prostatitis).
Infection of the testis can shut down the production of sperm by blocking the tiny testicular tubules in which sperm are produced called seminiferous tubules. Freshly produced sperm are temporarily stored in the epididymis, an organ alongside the testis consisting of coiled sperm ducts in which sperm undergo final maturation as they slowly move through the sperm ducts.
Infections in the epididymis may interfere with the proper maturation of sperm and can block sperm transport. Because the prostate produces a large portion of the fluid in the ejaculate, infection in the prostate may block the release of fluid from the prostate, reducing the volume of ejaculate.
- Bacterial Infection of the reproductive tract organs can impair the production of sperm or cause scarring and blockage of the tubules that transport sperm, causing infertility.
- Infection of the testis can shut down the production of sperm by blocking the tiny testicular tubules in which sperm are produced called seminiferous tubules.
Effects of Immune Response on Fertility
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In response to an infection, white blood cells flood the infection site. Having an excess of white blood cells in the semen can cause fertility problems too, because white blood cells involved in inflammatory process release reactive oxygen species (ROS). **ROS are free radicals which are toxic to semen.
Sperm plasma membranes can be damaged if they are exposed to high levels of ROS, affecting the sperm's ability to fertilize an egg.
** Furthermore, ROS in semen can cause sperm DNA damage resulting in fertilization failure. Cytokines, chemical messengers produced as part of the inflammatory response have also been implicated in disrupting normal sperm production. Another part of the immune response that may cause infertility is the production of antibodies to fight the bacterial infection. Sometimes anti-sperm antibodies are also produced which can cause sperm cells to stick together in large clumps, making them useless for fertilization.
- In response to an infection, white blood cells flood the infection site.
- Sperm plasma membranes can be damaged if they are exposed to high levels of ROS, affecting the sperm's ability to fertilize an egg.
Identification of Bacterial Infection
Finding bacteria in the semen is relatively common and is not enough to diagnose infection because bacteria can appear in the semen due to contamination of the sample during collection. Bacteria present on the skin such as staphylococcus and streptococcus are common sources of contamination. Semen may become contaminated with bacteria if the man has a urinary tract infection. E.coli from the gastrointestinal tract may also contaminate semen in the ejaculate. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines infection of the semen as the presence of greater than 1000 bacteria per ml (about a teaspoon) of semen.
The presence of very high numbers of white blood cells in the semen (greater than one million per ml) can also signal that an infection is present. To diagnose infection, a sample of semen is cultured in the lab to see which bacteria actually grow out in colonies on culture plates.
- Finding bacteria in the semen is relatively common and is not enough to diagnose infection because bacteria can appear in the semen due to contamination of the sample during collection.
- The presence of very high numbers of white blood cells in the semen (greater than one million per ml) can also signal that an infection is present.
Treatment
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Depending on the type of bacteria, antibiotics can be prescribed to kill the bacteria.
If the infection has already caused inflammation and scarring of the tubes, antibiotic treatment alone will likely not be enough to restore fertility 1. Surgery may be needed to unblock the tubes. If the blocked tubes are the very small seminiferous tubules of the testis or the epididymis, surgery may not be possible to reopen the tubes. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be necessary if blockages are so severe that rare or no sperm are present in the ejaculate.
If sperm is still being produced, just not transported, it is possible to recover sperm from the epididymis or testis by surgical methods. Because the quantity of sperm recovered by surgical means is very small and the sperm are relatively immature compared to ejaculated sperm, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) may be the only treatment option.
- Depending on the type of bacteria, antibiotics can be prescribed to kill the bacteria.
- If sperm is still being produced, just not transported, it is possible to recover sperm from the epididymis or testis by surgical methods.
Prevention
Some common bacteria that infect men and cause infertility are the bacteria that cause gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhea), syphilis (Treponema pallidium), and chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis). These three diseases are all sexually transmitted diseases. The risk of infection by these bacteria can be reduced by using condoms during sexual intercourse.
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References
- Human Reproduction:seminal tract infection and male fertility
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- Stocks CJ, Phan MD, Achard MES, et al. Uropathogenic employs both evasion and resistance to subvert innate immune-mediated zinc toxicity for dissemination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116(13):6341-6350. doi:10.1073/pnas.1820870116
- McKay AC, Sharma S. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Seminal Vesicle. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
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- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. STD Facts - Gonorrhea. Updated January 29, 2014.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (May 2016). Gonorrhea - CDC Fact Sheet.
- Owen DH, Katz DF. A review of the physical and chemical properties of human semen and the formulation of a semen stimulant J Androl. 2005 Jul-Aug;26(4):459-69.
- Prins GS. American Society of Andrology. Handbook of Andrology: What is the prostate and what are its functions?
- Weiss BD, Richie JP. Hematospermia. In: UpToDate, O'Leary MP (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA.
Writer Bio
Carole Wegner is a Ph.D. scientist and in-vitro fertilization lab director in the Midwest. For more than 20 years, she has published scientific findings in peer-reviewed journals such as "Endocrinology" and "Fertility & Sterility" and also written on the topic of ethics in reproductive medicine.