Refeeding Syndrome After Fasting

Refeeding syndrome is a risk that is often associated with patients beginning a tube feeding program because they have often been receiving inadequate nutrition for a prolonged period associated with difficulties chewing or swallowing. However, anyone in a state of malnutrition -- including someone ending a prolonged fast -- is at risk of developing refeeding syndrome when they resume normal nutrition.

Refeeding Syndrome

The introduction of large amounts of carbohydrates into a body that is moderately to severely malnourished can lead to a severe imbalance in the electrolytes potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. These electrolytes are necessary in the formation of new tissue, which is primarily what a malnourished body will use carbohydrates to do to replace the tissues that were broken down during malnutrition. The severe shift in electrolytes results in a reduction in the excretion of salt and water, precipitating a fluid overload that may result in heart and lung complications and even death.

At Risk Individuals

A Protein-Sparing Diet

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Although fasting is done for a number of reasons, the effect of fasting on the risk of developing refeeding syndrome is the same. A person who has been struggling with an eating disorder such as bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa is not fasting for the same reasons as someone who chooses to fast for meditative reasons, but they are both malnourished. The effects of fasting can also be seen in people who have been receiving inadequate nutrition due to financial hardship. Although patients with inadequate intake as a result of mechanical eating problems with chewing or swallowing are not in a state of absolute fasting, they are also malnourished and at risk of developing refeeding syndrome when normal nutrition resumes.

Gradual Refeeding

Your physician or dietitian can evaluate your nutritional status for malnutrition and risk of refeeding syndrome. In cases of high risk, health professionals administer conservative amounts of carbohydrates to allow the patient's body to adapt with a lower risk of developing refeeding syndrome. During this time, electrolytes are also closely monitored and appropriately supplemented to support tissue generation and fluid balance.

Signs of Refeeding

Liquid Diets and Protein Shakes

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If you believe that you may be at risk for refeeding syndrome, consult your physician or dietitian for treatment and an appropriate diet 3. Signs of refeeding syndrome mostly pertain to excess fluid 3. Sudden weight gain from fluid retention as well as swelling, especially around the ankles and other joints, are both potentially signs of refeeding syndrome. If you experience these symptoms after resuming normal eating post-fast, consult your physician or dietitian immediately.