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What Is Erythritol Made From?
A current trend in dietary supplements is the use of sugar substitutes. These products are compounds that, while sweet tasting, are unable to be utilized by the body for energy purposes, though they're usually made from sugar. As a result, they are a low-calorie alternative to sugars, such as sucrose. They are considered to be safe for human consumption.
Identification
Erythritol is a four-carbon sugar alcohol 1. It is a monosaccharide, which means it cannot be broken down into other sugars. One molecule of erythritol is formed from 4 carbon atoms, 10 hydrogen atoms and 4 oxygen atoms 1. It is a sugar alcohol because it is made via a fermenting process and has a specific chemical structure, called a hydroxyl group, attached to one end of the molecule. It is primarily used as a low-calorie sweetener because it is not utilized by the body and is approximately 60 to 80 percent as sweet as sucrose (common table sugar).
In Nature
Yeast Metabolism With Glucose
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Erythritol can be found naturally in many organisms, which indicates that it is a byproduct of metabolism of sugar 1. According to a review found in the December issue of Food and Chemical Toxicology, erythritol can be found in such fermented beverages as wine, beer and sake, as well as in products made from pears, grapes, watermelon and soy 1. It can also be found in the tissues and fluids of human and other animals, in human urine and blood (at levels up to one milligram per liter). This is further evidence that erythritol is made as the result of sugar breakdown 1.
Industrial Production
Erythritol is normally made from glucose that is created from corn or wheat starch 1. To do this, the starch is first treated with enzymes (special proteins) that break the starch down into glucose. This glucose is then mixed with yeast, such as Moniliella pollinis or Trichosporonoides megachliensis, and the yeast ferments the glucose to form erythritol 1. The fermented mixture is then heated (in order to kill off the yeast) an dried (by boiling off all the water) so that erythritol crystals are formed 1. These crystals are then washed (to remove impurities), redissolved, purified again (using a special kind of chemical filter) and finally are isolated in solid form, at which point the erythritol is safe for human consumption 1.
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References
- Erythritol rticle
- US National Library of Medicine. MedlinePlus. Sweeteners—Sugars. Reviewed April 20, 2019. Updated March 4, 2020. Bethesda, Md.: U.S. National Library of Medicine U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002444.htm
- Regnat K, Mach RL, Mach-Aigner AR. Erythritol as sweetener-wherefrom and whereto?. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018;102(2):587–595. doi:10.1007/s00253-017-8654-1
- US Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Laboratory. Food and Nutrition Information Center. Nutritive and nonnutritive sweetener resources. Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Laboratory. Food and Nutrition Information Center. https://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/nutritive-and-nonnutritive-sweetener-resources
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- Falony G, Honkala S, Runnel R et al. Long-Term Effect of Erythritol on Dental Caries Development during Childhood: A Posttreatment Survival Analysis. Caries Res. 2016;50(6):579-588. doi:10.1159/000450762
- de Cock P, Mäkinen K, Honkala E, Saag M, Kennepohl E, Eapen A. Erythritol Is More Effective Than Xylitol and Sorbitol in Managing Oral Health Endpoints. Int J Dent. 2016;2016:9868421. doi:10.1155/2016/9868421
- Overduin J, Collet TH, Medic N et al. Failure of Sucrose Replacement With the Non-Nutritive Sweetener Erythritol to Alter GLP-1 or PYY Release or Test Meal Size in Lean or Obese People. Appetite. 2016 Dec 1;107:596-603. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.009
- Hino H, Kasai S, Hattori N, Kenjo K. A Case of Allergic Urticaria Caused by Erythritol. J Dermatol. 2000 Mar;27(3):163-165. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2000.tb02143.x
- Sharma A, Amarnath S, Thulasimani M, Ramaswamy S. Artificial sweeteners as a sugar substitute: Are they really safe?. Indian J Pharmacol. 2016;48(3):237–240. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.182888
- FamilyDoctor.org. Sugar Substitutes. Leawood, Kansas: American Academy of Family Physicians 2020 https://familydoctor.org/sugar-substitutes
- Shirao K, Inoue M, Tokuda R et al. "Bitter Sweet": A Child Case of Erythritol-Induced Anaphylaxis. Allergol Int. 2013 Jun;62(2):269-271. doi:10.2332allergolint.12-LE-0517
Writer Bio
Adam Cloe has been published in various scientific journals, including the "Journal of Biochemistry." He is currently a pathology resident at the University of Chicago. Cloe holds a Bachelor of Arts in biochemistry from Boston University, a M.D. from the University of Chicago and a Ph.D. in pathology from the University of Chicago.